《The Origin of the Family, Private Property, and the State》 - The Origin of the Family, Private Property, and the State

Japanese: 《家族，私有財産および国家の起源》 - かぞくしゆうざいさんおよびこっかのきげん

… His theoretical activities were wide-ranging, but his most important work was the generalization of Marxism to various fields. His works include On the Origin of the Family, Private Property, and the State (1884) and the draft Dialectics of Nature (published in 1925 by Ryazanov), but his Anti-Duhring (1878) was especially well-accepted as a clear outline of Marxist social science, and the mainstream Marxist theory of the time (German Marxism → Soviet Marxism) was mainly based on it. In addition, his pamphlet From Fantasy to Science (1880), which was a slightly revised version of one chapter of the book, is the most widely read introductory book. …

From [Family]

...A typical example is LH Morgan, who in Ancient Society (1877) arranged marriage patterns into several stages, from primitive promiscuous marriage to the most evolved form of monogamy, and assigned corresponding family patterns. The analysis of kinship terms, which is the basis of this hypothesis, was considered groundbreaking in the history of anthropology, and was further followed by Engels in The Origin of the Family, Private Property, and the State (1884), exerting a great influence. However, as a result of subsequent research by anthropologists, many negative views of his theory have been expressed.

From [Primitive Communism]

...LH Morgan's Ancient Society (1877) showed that the natural community (clan, tribe) based on blood ties was the original social bond of human beings, and that the family, which is based on the non-blood ties of husband and wife, is a secondary relationship, and is in opposition to the original blood-related community, a new relationship that grows with its dissolution, and that the blood-related community is originally matrilineal. According to this, primitive communism is a true equal society that knows neither the subjugation of women nor slavery (Engels, The Origin of the Family, Private Property, and the State, 1884). Morgan and Engels' ideas and materials are still debated today. ...

From the Clan System

...On the one hand, by tracing the evolution of marriage and family systems, he argues that the clan system probably originated from a form of group marriage that he called the Punalua family, and on the other hand, he traces the development of the idea of property and the regulations regarding its inheritance, and considers the process by which primitive matrilineal system was replaced by patrilineal system and the democratic clan community gave way to the dominance of an aristocratic class. Morgan's Ancient Society was a pioneering work in the study of prehistoric human society, and had a groundbreaking impact on the academic world. F. Engels, in particular, claimed that Morgan's discovery of the true nature and status of the clan first clarified the original purpose and organization of the village community that shared land, which had been discovered to be a primitive form of society from India to Ireland by A. von Haxstausen and GL Maurer. Engels fully adopted Morgan's conclusions in his book The Origin of the Family, Private Property, and the State (1884), and devoted a chapter each to the clans of the Celts and Germans, which Morgan only mentioned briefly, and the formation of the German state. In particular, in contrast to the state, which was characterized by territory and public power and was born out of class conflict as a means of class rule, he wrote of the clan system, which Morgan elucidated as a social organization prior to the state, ``This clan system is an institution astonishing in its complete innocence and simplicity! There are no soldiers, gendarmes, or policemen; there are no nobles, kings, governors, governors, or judges; there are no prisons or lawsuits; everything goes on in an orderly fashion.

*Some of the terminology explanations that refer to "The Origin of the Family, Private Property, and the State" are listed below.

Source | Heibonsha World Encyclopedia 2nd Edition | Information

Japanese:

…　理論活動は多岐にわたるが，とくにマルクス主義の各種分野への一般化が重要である。《家族，私有財産および国家の起源》(1884)，草稿《自然弁証法》(リャザーノフ編により1925年刊)などもその成果であるが，とりわけ《反デューリング論》(1878)はマルクス主義社会科学の平明な見取図として広く受け入れられ，時々の主流のマルクス主義理論(ドイツ･マルクス主義→ソ連マルクス主義)は主としてこれに依拠している。また，その一章に少し手を加えたパンフレット《空想から科学へ》(1880)は最も多く読まれた入門書である。…

【家族】より

…その典型がL.H.モーガンで，彼は《古代社会》(1877)において，婚姻形態を原始乱婚制からもっとも進化した一夫一婦制に至る数段階に配列し，家族形態もそれに対応させた。この仮説の基礎になっている親族名称の分析は，人類学史上画期的なものとされ，さらにエンゲルスの《家族，私有財産および国家の起源》(1884)にそのまま踏襲されて大きな影響力を振るった。しかしその後の人類学者の研究の結果，彼の学説には否定的見解が多く出されている。…

【原始共産制】より

…L.H.モーガンの《古代社会》(1877)は，血縁にもとづく自然的共同体(氏族，部族)こそ本源的な人間の社会的結合であり，夫婦という非血縁関係を中核とする家族は，第2次的な関係で，しかも本来の血縁共同体に対立し，その解体にともなって成長してくる新しい関係であること，血縁共同体は本来は母系制であることを示した。これによれば原始共産制は婦人の隷属も奴隷制も知らない真の平等社会ということになる(エンゲルス《家族，私有財産および国家の起源》1884)。モーガン，エンゲルスの構想および素材については今なお論争されている。…

【氏族制度】より

…そして一方では，婚姻および家族の制度の進化のあとをたどることによって，氏族制度がおそらく，かのプナルア家族と名づけた群婚の形態から発生したものであろうと論じ，他方では，財産の観念とその相続規制の発達のあとをたずねて，原始の母系制が父系制に変わり，民主的な氏族共同体が貴族階級の支配に移っていく過程を考察したのである。　モーガンの《古代社会》は，いわゆる歴史以前の人間社会の研究に，先人未踏の分野を開拓した労作として，その後の学界に画期的な影響を与えたが，とくにF.エンゲルスは，A.vonハクスタウゼンやG.L.マウラー以来，インドからアイルランドにわたって，社会の原始形態であったことが発見された土地を共有する村落共同体の原初的な目的や組織が，氏族の真の性質と地位とに関するモーガンの発見によって，はじめて明らかにされたとなし，その著《家族･私有財産および国家の起源》(1884)において，モーガンの結論を全面的に採用するとともに，モーガンのわずかに言及するにとどまったケルト人およびドイツ人の氏族と，ドイツ人の国家形成とについて，それぞれ1章を設けて詳論した。ことに領土と公権力とによって特徴づけられ，階級的対立の中から階級支配の手段として生まれた国家に対し，モーガンが国家以前の社会組織として解明した氏族制度に向かっては，〈この氏族制度こそそのいっさいの天真さと単純さとにおいて驚くべき制度だ！　兵士も憲兵も警官もなく，貴族も国王も総督も知事または裁判官もなく，牢獄も訴訟もなくて，いっさいが規則正しく進行する。…

※「《家族，私有財産および国家の起源》」について言及している用語解説の一部を掲載しています。

出典｜株式会社平凡社世界大百科事典第２版について | 情報

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