This soil is found widely under broadleaf forests in temperate humid regions. It is a type of zonal soil (climatic type soil). Under a 2-3 cm layer of fallen leaves, there is a dark brown A horizon (topsoil) containing humus, a brown B horizon (subsoil) rich in iron oxide, and below that is the C horizon (parent material). Its geological and petrological origin is not specific. It is distributed widely in the mid-latitudes (subarctic to temperate) except for the dry areas inside the continents, and is prominent in central Europe, the northeastern United States, northeast China, and Japan. Due to the temperate climate with a lot of rain, most calcium has leached out of the soil layers, but iron and aluminum have not migrated or accumulated. In Japan, volcanic ash layers are prominent in the plains and andosols are formed, so brown forest soil is mainly formed on mountain slopes. In addition, because the amount of precipitation is higher than in Europe and America, leaching of not only calcium but also bases is more intense, resulting in a highly acidic type. Towards the adjacent higher latitudes (and towards the higher mountains) the terrain changes into podzols and at the same time from mixed forest to coniferous forest, while towards the lower latitudes it passes through an area of intermediate yellow-brown forest soils and then into a zone of red-yellow soils. [Shigeo Asami and Makiko Watanabe] Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
温帯湿潤地方の広葉樹林下に広く生成している土壌。成帯性土壌(気候型土壌)の一種である。2~3センチメートルの落葉層の下に腐植を含む黒褐色のA層(表土)と酸化鉄に富む褐色のB層(下層土)が続き、その下はC層(母材)で、その地質岩石的起源は特定ではない。分布範囲は大陸内部の乾燥地を除く中緯度(亜寒帯から温帯まで)と広く、中部ヨーロッパ、アメリカ合衆国北東部、中国東北部から日本にかけての諸地域に顕著である。温帯多雨という気候の影響でカルシウムがほとんど土層から溶脱しているが、鉄、アルミニウムは移動集積をおこしてはいない。日本では平野部に火山灰層が卓越し、アンドソルが生ずるので褐色森林土は主として山地斜面に生成しており、またヨーロッパやアメリカよりも降水量が多いのでカルシウムのみならず塩基類の溶脱がより激しく、酸性の強い型になっている。隣接の高緯度側(および山地の高所側)に向かって、ポドゾルに移行し、同時に混交林から針葉樹林帯に変わってゆく。低緯度側へは、中間型の黄褐色森林土の分布域を経て赤黄色土帯に変わる。 [浅海重夫・渡邊眞紀子] 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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