A Buddhist term. In Buddhism, love includes love, affection, pleasure, lust, and craving, among which sexual love is called lust. Since ancient times, Indians have established three (or four) goals in life: performing duties (dharma), accumulating wealth (artha), enjoying sexual love properly (kama), and transcending the cycle of reincarnation (moksha). Regarding kama, the Kama Sutra was created as a guide, and it had a great influence especially on the upper classes. In contrast, Buddhism, especially in its early days, strongly rejects lust and requires its practitioners to transcend it. The same is true in Jainism. Mahayana Buddhism, which recognizes lay practitioners as one of its important characteristics, does not reject lust, but rather considers it to be something that should be controlled, and it came to be believed that lust, along with other instincts, can be used as an opportunity to attain enlightenment. In Japanese Buddhism after the Kamakura period, three trends emerged: one that basically rejected lust; one that affirmed lust and sought salvation from Amida Buddha based on the sense of guilt and impermanence that arise from it; and one that was based on Nichiren Buddhism, which believed that one could be purified by chanting the daimoku even while living a lustful life. Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information |
仏教用語。仏教における愛には,愛,親受,欲楽,愛欲,渇愛などがあるが,そのなかで性的な愛を愛欲という。インド人は,古来,人生の3 (または4) 目的として,義務を実行すること (ダルマ) ,財産を蓄積すること (アルタ) ,性愛を正しく享楽すること (カーマ) ,および輪廻の超越 (モークシャ) を立てた。カーマに関しては,その要綱書として『カーマ・スートラ』がつくられ,特に上流の人々に大きな影響を及ぼした。これに対し仏教は,特に初期仏教において愛欲を強く否定し,修行者にこれを超越することを要求している。ジャイナ教においても同様である。大乗仏教では,その重要な特質の一つである在俗の修行者を認める立場から,愛欲を否定せず,愛欲は統制されるべきものと考えられ,ほかの本能とともに,それを契機として悟りを得ることができると考えられるようになった。日本の仏教にあっては,鎌倉時代以後,愛欲を基本的に否定しようとするもの,愛欲を肯定しそのなかに生じる罪の意識や無常観をもとに阿弥陀仏の救済を求める浄土教,愛欲の生活にありながらも題目を称えることによって浄化されるとする日蓮仏教,の3つの傾向が生れた。
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