Poincaré, (Jules-) Henri

Japanese: ポアンカレ（英語表記）Poincaré， (Jules-) Henri

Born: April 29, 1854, Nancy
[Died] July 17, 1912. Paris. French mathematician and philosopher of science. After graduating from the Ecole Polytechnique (1875), he entered the School of Mines and became a mining engineer. In 1879, he obtained his doctorate in differential equations and became a lecturer at the University of Caen (1879). He moved to the University of Paris (1881) and became a professor at the University of Paris (1885). Since 1887, he has been a member of the Academie des Sciences de Paris. He made outstanding achievements in almost every field of pure and applied mathematics. In the field of mathematics, he independently demonstrated the existence of automorphic functions (Fuchsian functions) and suggested that they were related to models of non-Euclidean geometry. In addition, his research on position analysis, which he began in 1895, marked the beginning of 20th century algebraic topology (→algebraic topology). He criticized logicism and formalism in the foundations of mathematics. In addition to making important contributions to the study of the three-body problem in the field of celestial mechanics, he also conducted many studies on physics, such as the dynamics of electrons, the theory of relativity, and electromagnetism. He was also a brilliant scientific thinker and a prolific writer known for his beautiful prose. His views on science are set out in his works "Science and Hypothesis," "The Value of Science," and "Science and Method."

Poincaré
Poincaré, Raymond Nicolas Landry

Born: August 20, 1860. Barleduc
Died October 15, 1934. Paris. French politician and lawyer. Cousin of mathematician J.-H. Poincaré. Member of the National Assembly from 1887 to 1903. During that time he served as Minister of Education and Minister of Finance. Senator from 1903 to 1912, Minister of Finance from 1906, and Prime Minister from 1912, in the midst of rising domestic public opinion calling for a policy of "revenge against Germany," he worked to encircle Germany and strengthen military cooperation with Britain and the Soviet Union. 9th President of the Third Republic from 1913 to 1920. During World War I, he established a national unity system for the "Holy Union," bringing victory to France. As Prime Minister and Foreign Minister from 1922 to 1924, and Prime Minister and Minister of Finance from 1926 to 1928, he demonstrated his excellent skills in stabilizing the financial crisis, especially the falling value of the franc, and as chairman of the German Reparation Commission, he adopted a hard-line policy of severe punishment for Germany, such as having the Ruhr occupied by military forces in January 1923 for failure to fulfill reparation obligations. In 1929 he left politics and devoted himself to completing his memoirs, Au Service de la France.

Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information

Japanese:

[生]1854.4.29. ナンシー
[没]1912.7.17. パリ
フランスの数学者，科学哲学者。エコール・ポリテクニクを卒業 (1875) 後，鉱山学校に入り鉱山技師になる。 1879年，微分方程式の研究で学位を取り，カーン大学講師 (79) 。パリ大学に移り (81) ，パリ大学教授 (85) 。 87年よりパリ科学アカデミー会員。純粋数学と応用数学のほとんどあらゆる領域にわたってすぐれた業績を残した。数学の分野では，F.クラインとは独立に保形関数 (フックス関数) の存在を示し，非ユークリッド幾何学のモデルと関係があることを示唆した。また，95年から始めた位置解析の研究は，20世紀の代数的位相幾何学 (→代数的位相数学 ) の始りとなった。数学の基礎に関して論理主義と形式主義を批判した。さらに，天体力学の領域で三体問題の研究に重要な貢献をしたほか，電子の力学，相対性理論，電磁気など，物理学に関する研究も多い。彼はまたすぐれた科学思想家でもあり，美しい散文で知られる多作な著述家でもあった。彼の科学論は『科学と仮説』『科学の価値』『科学と方法』に述べられている。

ポアンカレ
Poincaré， Raymond Nicolas Landry

[生]1860.8.20. バルルデュク
[没]1934.10.15. パリ
フランスの政治家，弁護士。数学者 J.-H.ポアンカレの従弟。 1887～1903年下院議員。その間教育相，蔵相などを歴任。 03～12年上院議員をつとめ，06年蔵相，12年首相として「対ドイツ復讐」政策を希求する国内世論の高揚のうちに，ドイツ包囲体制，イギリス，ソ連との軍事的提携強化に努めた。 13～20年第三共和政第9代大統領。第1次世界大戦下「神聖連合」の挙国一致体制を成立させ，フランスに勝利をもたらした。 22～24年首相兼外相，26～28年首相兼蔵相として財政危機，特に下落したフラン貨の価値の安定にすぐれた手腕を発揮し，ドイツ賠償委員会の委員長として 23年1月，賠償義務不履行を理由にルールを軍事占領させるなど，ドイツ厳罰主義の強硬政策をとった。 29年政界を去り，『回想録』 Au Service de la Franceの完成に専念した。

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