The act of vibrating the vocal cords with exhaled air to produce sound. Animals, including humans, produce sounds instinctively or with some intention. Voices are produced during reproductive acts between males and females, as expressions of emotions such as surprise (fear), joy, and sadness, and as an aspect of play and art (in humans), and serve the function of communication according to each situation. Human vocalization is particularly important in the establishment of language and music, and various vocal techniques have been used consciously or unconsciously depending on the ethnic group, era, and culture. The vocal technique used in singing is an important factor in determining musical styles. For example, the natural voices of American Indians, Eastern Europe, and Oceania, the bel canto of modern Europe (so-called classical music), and the rustling or nasal singing style of modern Japanese and Korean enka reflect the differences in the sensitivities of the bearers of each culture and require a certain amount of training. In Europe in particular, there is such emphasis on teaching vocal technique that there are specialized trainers (voice trainers), and singing techniques such as breathing techniques, the distinction between vocal registers (chest voice, middle voice, head voice), resonance, vibrato, legato, staccato, and portamento are taught in detail. [Osamu Yamaguchi] [Reference] |Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
呼気によって声帯を振動させ、音声を発すること。ヒトを含めて動物は、本能的に、あるいはなんらかの意図をもって声を発する。生殖にかかわる雌雄の行為に伴ったり、驚き(恐怖)、喜び、悲しみといった情感の表現として、また遊戯や芸術(人間の場合)の一側面として発せられた声は、それぞれの状況に応じた伝達の機能を果たしている。とりわけ人間の発声は、言語や音楽の成立を担う重要な行為であり、民族、時代、文化によって、意識的または無意識的に、さまざまな発声法が駆使されてきた。そして歌唱における発声法は、音楽様式を決定する重要な契機となっている。たとえば、アメリカ・インディアン、東ヨーロッパ、オセアニアなどの地声、近代ヨーロッパ(いわゆるクラシック音楽)のベルカント、現代の日本や韓国での演歌などのさび声ないし鼻声的歌い方などは、それぞれの文化の担い手の感性の違いを反映し、それなりの訓練を要するものとなっている。とくにヨーロッパの場合、専門の訓練師(ボイストレーナー)が存在するほどに発声法の教育が重視されており、呼吸法、声区(胸声、中声、頭声)の区別をはじめ、共鳴、ビブラート、レガート、スタッカート、ポルタメントなどの唱法が精密に伝授される。 [山口 修] [参照項目] |出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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