Special Account - Tokubetsukaikei (English) special account

Japanese: 特別会計 - とくべつかいけい(英語表記)special account
Special Account - Tokubetsukaikei (English) special account

An accounting system established in national finances when it is necessary to separate accounting from general revenues and expenditures.

There are two types of budget principles: the principle of a single account and the principle of a total budget. In order to make it easier to grasp the financial situation of the country as a whole, to adjust the overall balance of income and expenditure, and to maintain financial soundness, efforts have been made to avoid the coexistence of numerous budgets and to unify the budget as a general rule. However, as an exceptional measure, special accounts are set up separately from the general account.

Japan's Financial Law allows for the establishment of special accounts, stating that "the national accounts shall be divided into general accounts and special accounts" (Article 13, Paragraph 1), but at the same time does not abandon the principle of a single accounting system, stating that "special accounts shall be established by law only when the State carries out a specific business, holds and manages specific funds, or in other cases where it is necessary to use specific revenues for specific expenditures and to account for them separately from general revenues and expenditures" (Article 13, Paragraph 2).In this way, the establishment of special accounts is an exceptional measure, and their establishment is governed by law.

The Law on Special Accounts (Law No. 23 of 2007) provides for the establishment of special accounts in order to separate them from general accounts, and stipulates their purpose, management, and accounting. In 2009, the following 17 special accounts were established: (1) Local Allocation Tax and Transfer Tax Distribution Special Account, (2) Earthquake Reinsurance Special Account, (3) National Bond Consolidation Fund Special Account, (4) Fiscal Investment and Loan Program Special Account, (5) Foreign Exchange Fund Special Account, (6) Energy Measures Special Account, (7) Labor Insurance Special Account, (8) Pension Special Account, (9) Food Security Special Account, (10) Agriculture Mutual Aid Reinsurance Special Account, (11) Forest Insurance Special Account, (12) National Forestry Business Special Account, (13) Fishing Vessel Reinsurance and Fishery Mutual Aid Insurance Special Account, (14) Trade Reinsurance Special Account, (15) Patent Special Account, (16) Social Capital Development Special Account, and (17) Automobile Safety Special Account. Chapter 2 of the Act stipulates the purpose, management and accounting of each special account.

Special accounts must also be deliberated and approved by the Diet. Each fiscal year, the competent minister prepares a statement of planned revenue and expenditure, a request for carryover appropriation, and a request for national debt obligations for the special accounts under his/her management, and sends them to the Minister of Finance. Each fiscal year, the Cabinet prepares a budget for each special account and submits it to the Diet along with the general account budget. In addition, with regard to the special account settlements, the competent minister also prepares a statement of determined revenue and expenditure each fiscal year and sends it to the Minister of Finance, and the Cabinet prepares the revenue and expenditure settlements for each special account based on these, and submits them to the Diet along with the revenue and expenditure settlements for the general account.

There is a considerable amount of overlap between the general account and special accounts, so the net total is calculated by adjusting for the overlapping amounts. In the 2010 budget, the general account was 92.3 trillion yen and the special accounts were 367.1 trillion yen, giving a simple total of 459.4 trillion yen, but there was an overlap of 283 trillion yen due to transactions between accounts, and the net total was 176.4 trillion yen.

In addition, the Local Autonomy Act stipulates that local governments may also establish special accounts by ordinance when carrying out specific projects, holding and managing specific funds, or allocating specific revenues to specific expenditures and accounting for them separately from general revenues and expenditures.

[Masatoshi Hayashi]

[Reference items] | General Accounts | Finance | Local Finance | Budget

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

国の財政において、一般的な歳入歳出と区分して経理する必要がある場合に設けられる会計。

 予算原則には、単一会計の原則とか総計予算の原則があり、国全体の財政状態の把握や全体にわたる収支の調整と財政の健全性の維持を容易にするために、数多くの予算の併存を回避し、原則として予算を一本化する努力がなされてきている。しかし、例外的措置として、特別会計が一般会計と区分して設けられている。

 日本の財政法は、「国の会計を分つて一般会計及び特別会計とする」(13条1項)として、特別会計を設けることを容認したが、同時に単一会計の原則を捨てず、「国が特定の事業を行う場合、特定の資金を保有してその運用を行う場合その他特定の歳入を以(もっ)て特定の歳出に充(あ)て一般の歳入歳出と区分して経理する必要がある場合に限り、法律を以て、特別会計を設置するものとする」(13条2項)となし、特別会計の設置をもって例外的措置とし、その設置については法律主義を採用したのである。

 「特別会計に関する法律」(平成19年法律第23号)は、一般会計と区分して経理を行うため、特別会計を設置するとともに、その目的、管理および経理について定めている。2009年(平成21)においては、次の17の特別会計が設置されている。(1)交付税及び譲与税配付金特別会計、(2)地震再保険特別会計、(3)国債整理基金特別会計、(4)財政投融資特別会計、(5)外国為替資金特別会計、(6)エネルギー対策特別会計、(7)労働保険特別会計、(8)年金特別会計、(9)食料安定供給特別会計、(10)農業共済再保険特別会計、(11)森林保険特別会計、(12)国有林野事業特別会計、(13)漁船再保険及び漁業共済保険特別会計、(14)貿易再保険特別会計、(15)特許特別会計、(16)社会資本整備事業特別会計、(17)自動車安全特別会計。同法第2章には各特別会計の目的、管理および経理が規定されている。

 特別会計も国会で審議され、承認されねばならない。所管大臣は毎会計年度、その管理する特別会計の歳入歳出予定計算書、繰越明許費要求書および国庫債務負担行為要求書を作成し、財務大臣に送付する。内閣は毎会計年度、各特別会計の予算を作成し、一般会計の予算とともに、国会に提出する。また、特別会計の決算についても、所管大臣は毎会計年度、歳入歳出決定計算書を作成して財務大臣に送付し、内閣はそれらに基づいて、各特別会計の歳入歳出決算を作成し、一般会計の歳入歳出決算とともに、国会に提出する。

 一般会計と特別関係にはかなりの重複があり、重複額を調整した差引純計額が算出されている。2010年度予算における一般会計92兆3000億円に対して特別会計は367兆1000億円で、単純合計額は459兆4000億円となるが、会計間のやりとり等の重複額が283兆円に上り、純計額は176兆4000億円である。

 なお、地方公共団体においても、特定の事業を行う場合、特定の資金を保有してその運用を行う場合、その他特定の歳入をもって特定の歳出にあて一般の歳入歳出と区分して経理する場合において、条例で特別会計を設置することができる、と地方自治法に定められている。

[林 正寿]

[参照項目] | 一般会計 | 財政 | 地方財政 | 予算

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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