Words - Ci (English)

Japanese: 詞 - し（英語表記）Ci

A form of Chinese verse. It flourished especially during the Song dynasty, and was a literary form representative of the era, along with Tang poetry, Song poetry, and Yuan poetry. During the Tang dynasty, "Hu music" was imported from the Western Regions and became popular, and its origins lie in the lyrics sung to accompany the music. Around the mid-Tang dynasty, specialized poets began to consciously compose lyrics to accompany musical scores, and lyric as a genre was established. It is also called "quzi zi" because the lyrics are set to a melody (quzi), "tenshi" because the lyrics are filled in (fill) into an existing score, and "yisheng" because they rely (yi) on an existing melody. It is also called "long and short verse" because the lengths of each line are uneven, "shi yu" because it is left over from a poem, and "yufu" or "kintai yakufu" in reference to the yakufu (music and lyrics) that has existed since the Han dynasty. It was established in the mid-Tang, and Wen Tingyun appeared in the late Tang, and Li Yu appeared in the Five Dynasties, producing masterpieces. In the Northern Song, Yan Shu, Ouyang Xiu and others inherited the Five Dynasties Ci, and the long-form Manci was born, and Zhang Xian and Liu Yong developed a style unique to the Song. Song Ci is broadly divided into two schools based on style: the bold school and the relaxed school. In the Northern Song, Su Shi represented the former, and Zhou Bangyan, who succeeded Liu Yong, represented the latter. In the Southern Song, Xin Qizhi and Lu You succeeded Su Shi, Jiang Kui succeeded Zhou Bangyan, and reached its pinnacle with Wu Wenying. There are few authors worth mentioning from the Yuan and Ming periods, but during the Qing dynasty it became popular again, with authors such as Nalan Xingde and Zhu Yizun appearing, anthologies being compiled, and research into musical scales also progressing.

Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information

Japanese:

中国，韻文の一形態。特に宋代に栄え，唐詩，宋詩，元曲と並称されて時代を代表する文学形式であった。唐代に西域から「胡楽」が輸入されて流行したが，その曲に合せて歌った歌詞が起源。中唐頃に専門の詩人が意識的に楽譜に合せた歌詞を創作するようになって，ジャンルとしての詞がほぼ確立した。メロディー (曲子) に合せた歌詞であるから「曲子詞」ともいい，既成の譜に歌詞をうめる (填) ので「填詞 (てんし) 」，既成のメロディーによりかかる (倚) ので「倚声」という。また1句の長さがふぞろいなので「長短句」ともいい，詩から生れた余りものという意で「詩余」，さらに漢代以来の歌辞文学である楽府 (がふ) になぞらえて「楽府」とも「近体楽府」ともいう。中唐に確立し，晩唐に温庭筠，五代に李煜 (りいく) が現れ，傑作を生んだ。北宋に入って晏殊，欧陽修らが五代の詞を継承，やがて長編形式の慢詞が生れ，張先，柳永が宋独自の詞を開拓した。宋詞は作風によって豪放派と婉約派に二大別されるが，北宋において前者を代表するものが蘇軾 (そしょく) で，柳永のあとを継ぐ周邦彦 (しゅうほうげん) が後者を代表する。南宋に入って辛棄疾，陸游が蘇軾を継ぎ，姜夔 (きょうき) が周邦彦のあとを継いで，呉文英にいたって極点に達する。元，明にはほとんどあげるべき作者もないが，清に入って再び流行をみ，納蘭性徳，朱彝尊 (しゅいそん) らの作者が現れるとともに選集が編まれ，音律上の研究も進められた。

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