Moderator - Gensokuzai

Japanese: 減速材 - げんそくざい
Moderator - Gensokuzai

A material used in nuclear reactors to slow down the speed of neutrons. Most fission reactions of nuclear fuel materials such as uranium-235 and plutonium-239 occur with slow neutrons. In nuclear reactors, the fast neutrons generated by fission collide with the nuclei of the moderator to lose kinetic energy and slow down to the same level as thermal motion, making it easier to start a chain reaction. To maximize the loss of kinetic energy in one collision, a moderator should have a small mass number close to that of a neutron and absorb little neutrons. Generally, light water (ordinary water) and heavy water are used as liquids, while graphite and beryllium are used as solids. Light water has the greatest ability to slow down neutrons and can be used as a coolant, so it is often used, but it absorbs neutrons somewhat more. Heavy water has a large moderation ability and absorbs less neutrons than light water, so it is often used in reactors that use natural uranium fuel. Graphite is a material that absorbs relatively little neutrons, and is often used in gas-cooled reactors.

[Aoyagi Naganori]

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

中性子の速度を遅くするために原子炉で使われる物質。ウラン235やプルトニウム239などの核燃料物質の核分裂反応は、そのほとんどが速度の遅い中性子でおこる。原子炉では、核分裂で発生する速度の速い中性子を、減速材の原子核に衝突させて運動エネルギーを失わさせ、速度を熱運動と同程度まで減速させることにより連鎖反応をおこしやすくする。減速材としては、1回の衝突による運動エネルギーの減少を大きくするため、中性子の質量に近い小さな質量数の物質で、中性子の吸収の少ないものがよい。一般に液体では、軽水(普通の水)、重水、固体では黒鉛、ベリリウムなどが使われる。軽水は中性子を減速させる能力がもっとも大きく、冷却材との兼用もできるので多く使われるが、中性子の吸収はやや大きい。重水は減速能力も大きく、中性子の吸収も軽水より小さいので、天然ウラン燃料の炉に利用されることが多い。黒鉛は比較的中性子の吸収が少ない物質で、ガス冷却炉に多く使われる。

[青柳長紀]

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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