Bad faith defense - exceptio doli; Einrede der Arglist

Japanese: 悪意の抗弁 - あくいのこうべん(英語表記)exceptio doli; Einrede der Arglist
Bad faith defense - exceptio doli; Einrede der Arglist
A bill debtor's defense against a bill acquirer who is "in the know." The legal doctrine of limitation of defenses was recognized to protect the safety of bill transactions, so there is no need to protect bad faith bill acquirers by granting them the benefit of limitation of personal defenses. Therefore, against a person who acquires a bill with a personal defense attached to it while knowing it, the bill debtor can assert the personal defense and refuse to pay the bill. The Bills of Exchange Act provides that a bad faith defense is established when the holder acquires the bill "with the knowledge that he will harm" the debtor (Article 17, proviso). However, this "with the knowledge that he will harm" does not require the transferor to conspire to cut off the defense (the common law position), but it is generally understood that it is not enough for the transferee to simply know of the existence of the defense, but that he must be aware of the harm to the debtor.

Source: Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia About Encyclopaedia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Information

Japanese:
「事情を知る」手形取得者に対する手形債務者の抗弁。抗弁制限の法理は手形取引の安全を保護するために認められたものであるから,悪意の手形取得者には人的抗弁制限の利益を与えて保護する必要はない。したがって,人的抗弁の付着している手形をそのことを知りながら取得した者に対しては,手形債務者はその人的抗弁を主張して手形の支払いを拒むことができる。手形法は所持人が債務者を「害スルコトヲ知リテ」手形を取得したときに悪意の抗弁が成立すると規定している (17条但書) が,この「害スルコトヲ知リテ」とは譲渡当事者の抗弁切断の共謀 (英米法の立場) までを必要とするものではないが,譲り受け人が単に抗弁の存在を知っているだけでは足りず,債務者を害することの認識が必要であると解するのが一般の立場である。

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