In biology, the word "ventral" has two meanings. One means the side opposite the dorsal side of an animal. In many cases, the external and internal shapes of the side of an animal's body that faces the ground are different from the opposite side (dorsal). In vertebrates, the digestive tract is located on the ground side, and in arthropods, the nerves run along it. This side that faces the ground is called the ventral side. However, in sea urchins and starfish, the underside should be called the oral side, not the ventral side. In some animals, the ventral side is determined soon after fertilization, as in amphibians. In other words, the side of the egg where the sperm enters becomes the ventral side. Conversely, a gray crescent ring forms on the opposite side of the entry point, and this side becomes the dorsal side. The other is the part behind the thorax and in front of the tail, as opposed to the head at the front end of the body and the thorax next to it. This abdomen is evident in vertebrates and arthropods (some animals, such as mites, have an unclear distinction between the cephalothorax and abdomen). In insects, the abdomen is divided into several segments, and in males there is a reproductive chamber that houses the reproductive organs (penis), while in females there is an ovipositor consisting of a protrusion from the segment. [Masayuki Uchibori] Abdominal in humansIn anatomy, the word "ventral" can refer to either the direction of the body or the part of the body. In other words, when referring to a direction, it means ventral in relation to dorsal, and can be used in common with animals that show dorsoventrality. When referring to a part of the body, it means a part of the whole body when it is divided, and this is clear in vertebrates and arthropods. The abdomen of the human body is divided into several sections on the surface of the body, both anatomically and clinically. However, the divisions on the surface do not necessarily correspond to the positional relationship when considering the internal organs. The abdomen is divided into the anterior abdomen and the posterior abdomen, but the posterior abdomen is usually considered to belong to the back. The boundary between the anterior and posterior abdomen is not clearly visible. Anatomically, the anterior abdomen is divided into nine sections. These nine sections are each made up of two horizontal lines and two vertical lines. That is, they are made up of two horizontal lines (subcostal horizontal line and iliac crest horizontal line) that pass through the lowest point of the tenth rib and the highest point of the iliac crest on each side, respectively, and two vertical lines (midclavicular lines) that pass through the center of the left and right clavicles, respectively, or two vertical lines (minor midlines) that pass through the vertical line that passes through the anterior superior iliac spine and the midpoint between the anterior midline. The central part of the nine sections is the navel, the two sides to the right and left of that are called the flank abdomen, the part above the navel is called the epigastric region, the left and right sides of the epigastric region are called the hypocostal region, the part below the navel is called the pubic region, and the left and right sides of the pubic region are called the groin. The groin is triangular in shape. On the other hand, the internal abdomen is bordered at its upper end by the diaphragm, so if you project the outline of the diaphragmatic vault onto the anterior chest wall, the internal abdomen is much higher than the costal arch. The area sandwiched between this diaphragmatic vault and the costal arch is the location of the hypocostal region. There is also another way to divide the abdomen into four sections. This is a method of dividing it by a horizontal and vertical line that passes through the navel, and in this case the upper left, lower left, upper right, and lower right are each called a quarter. In slang, the word "antinode" can mean the inner thoughts, courage, or capacity, and can also refer to the center of an object. In physics, the point where the amplitude of a stationary vibration or standing wave is maximum is called an antinode, and the point where the amplitude is zero is called a node. [Kazuyo Shimai] Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend |
生物学用語の腹には、二通りの意味がある。一つは動物の背の反対側をいう。多くの場合、動物の体は地面に対する側とその反対側(背)とでは外部や内部の形態が異なる。地面側には、脊椎(せきつい)動物では消化管があり、節足動物では神経が走る。この地面に対する側を腹とよぶ。ただしウニやヒトデなどでは下面は腹面ではなく口側とよぶべきである。腹面は両生類におけるように、受精後まもなく決定されるものがある。すなわち卵の精子進入点の側が腹面となる。逆に、進入点の反対側には灰色新月環ができるが、その側が背になる。 他の一つは、体の前端の頭、その次の胸に対する語として、胸の後方、尾の前方の部分をいう。この腹部は脊椎動物や節足動物(ダニ類のように頭胸部と腹部との区別の不明瞭(ふめいりょう)なものもある)で明らかである。昆虫では腹部はいくつかの体節に分かれ、雄では生殖室があって生殖器(陰茎)を収め、雌では体節から出た突起からなる産卵管がある。 [内堀雅行] ヒトにおける腹解剖学上で腹というときには、体の方向を示す場合と体の部位を示す場合とがある。すなわち、方向を意味する場合は、背に対する腹であり、背腹性を示す動物に共通して用いることができる。体の部位を意味する場合では、全身を区分したときの、その一部であり、これがはっきりしているのは脊椎動物と節足動物である。 人体における腹は、解剖学的または臨床医学的に体表面上でいくつかの区分に分けられている。しかし、表面上の区分と内臓を考慮した位置的関係とはかならずしも一致しない。腹の部位は前腹部と後腹部とに分けられるが、通常、後腹部は背部に属させている。前・後腹部の境界は外見上、はっきりしているわけではない。前腹部は解剖学的には九区分される。この九区分は、それぞれ2本の水平線と垂直線とによってつくられる。すなわち、左右の第10肋骨(ろっこつ)の最低点と腸骨稜(りょう)の最高点をそれぞれ通る2本の水平線(肋骨下水平線と腸骨稜頂水平線)、および左右の鎖骨(さこつ)のそれぞれ中央部を通る2本の垂直線(鎖骨中線)、あるいは上前腸骨棘(きょく)を通る垂直線と前正中線との中間を通る2本の垂直線(副中心線)によって構成される。九区分の中央部が臍(さい)部、その左右が側腹部、臍部の上部が上腹部、上腹部の左右を下肋部、臍部の下部を恥骨部、恥骨部の左右を鼠径(そけい)部とよぶ。鼠径部は三角形状となる。一方、内部の腹は横隔膜が上部の境になるので、横隔膜円蓋(えんがい)の輪郭を前胸壁に投影してみると、内部の腹は肋骨弓よりずっと上方になる。この横隔膜円蓋と肋骨弓に挟まれた部分が下肋部の位置となる。このほか、腹を四区分に分ける方法もある。これは、へそを通る水平線と垂直線とで分ける方法であり、この場合には、左上、左下、右上、右下のそれぞれを4分の1区画とよぶ。 俗語として用いられる腹には、心のなかの考え、度胸、度量などの意味があるほか、物体の中央部などをさすこともある。また、物理学用語では、定常振動あるいは定常波で振幅が最大となるところを腹loop, antinodeといい、振幅が零(ゼロ)のところを節(ふし)nodeという。 [嶋井和世] 出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例 |
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