Rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis

Japanese: 急速進行性糸球体腎炎
Rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis

Rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis causes symptoms such as abnormal urine (hematuria, proteinuria) and anemia. If left untreated, kidney function will deteriorate rapidly over a period of several weeks to several months. Renal failure ( Unknown ) It is a disease that leads to.

Rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis occurs when antibodies (autoantibodies) and immune complexes that do not normally exist in the body are produced in the blood or locally in the kidneys due to an abnormality in the immune system. Autoantibodies seen in this disease include antibodies against the glomerular basement membrane (GBM) (anti-GBM antibodies) and antibodies against neutrophils (a part of white blood cells) (antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies: ANCA). ANCA are classified into MPOANCA and PR3ANCA based on differences in the components within white blood cells.

Patients are often over 60 years old, and there is little difference in the incidence rate between men and women. The most common cause is MPOANCA.

The typical course of the disease is fever or cough ( cough ) Cold-like symptoms such as the above occur, followed by general body symptoms such as general fatigue and weakness.

Kidney symptoms include hematuria and proteinuria, as well as swelling, decreased urine volume, renal anemia, and high blood pressure. Other symptoms include: Hemoptysis ( Cutting edge ) Pulmonary symptoms such as

Since it may be asymptomatic, this disease is suspected when hematuria or proteinuria is observed and values ​​indicating renal function such as serum creatinine and urea nitrogen rise rapidly. To confirm the diagnosis, a renal biopsy is required to examine a part of the kidney.

Treatment is primarily immunosuppressive therapy using corticosteroids and immunosuppressants. Because responses to treatment vary depending on the cause and immunosuppressive therapy can easily lead to infections, it is advisable to have treatment under the supervision of a specialist, in accordance with the "Guidelines for the Treatment of Rapidly Progressive Nephritis" published in 2002.

If kidney damage is diagnosed and appropriate treatment is given while it is still mild, kidney function can often be maintained, but if the condition progresses to severe kidney failure, dialysis therapy will be required from an early stage. If the patient responds well to treatment and kidney function is restored, dialysis therapy may be discontinued, but in many cases it will be necessary to continue dialysis for the rest of one's life.

Source: Houken “Sixth Edition Family Medicine Encyclopedia” Information about the Sixth Edition Family Medicine Encyclopedia

Japanese:

 急速進行性糸球体腎炎は、尿の異常(血尿・蛋白尿)や貧血などの症状がみられ、放置すれば数週から数カ月の経過で腎機能が急激に悪化し、腎不全(じんふぜん)に至る疾患です。

 急速進行性糸球体腎炎は、免疫機構の異常により、通常では体内に存在しない自己に対する抗体(自己抗体)や免疫複合体が、血中や腎臓の局所で産生されて生じます。本症でみられる自己抗体には、糸球体基底膜(GBM)に対する抗体(抗GBM抗体)と、好中球(白血球の一部)に対する抗体(抗好中球細胞質抗体:ANCA)があります。ANCAは白血球内の成分の違いによって、MPO­ANCAとPR3­ANCAに分類されます。

 患者さんは60歳以上であることが多く、男女の発症率に差はほとんどありません。原因別では、MPO­ANCAによるものが最も多く認められます。

 典型的な経過では発症の2週間前から直前に、発熱や(せき)などのかぜ様症状が生じ、続いて全身のだるさや脱力感などの全身症状がみられます。

 腎臓の症状としては、血尿や蛋白尿のほかに、むくみや尿量の減少、腎性貧血や高血圧があります。その他の症状として、喀血(かっけつ)などの肺症状がみられることがあります。

 無症状のこともあるため、血尿や蛋白尿がみられ、血清のクレアチニンや尿素窒素といった腎機能を示す値が急速に上昇する場合は、本症が疑われます。診断を確実にするためには、腎臓の一部を採取して調べる腎生検が必要です。

 治療は、副腎皮質ステロイド薬や免疫抑制薬による免疫抑制療法が中心となります。原因によって治療に対する反応が異なることや、免疫抑制療法を行ううえで感染症を生じやすいため、治療は2002年に刊行された「急速進行性腎炎の診療指針」に基づき、専門医のもとで行われるのが望ましいです。

 腎障害が軽いうちに診断および適切な治療が行われれば、腎機能が保たれることが多いのですが、高度の腎不全に進行している場合は、早期から透析療法が必要となります。治療によく反応し、腎機能が回復すれば、透析療法を中止することもありますが、生涯にわたり継続しなければならない場合も多くみられます。

出典 法研「六訂版 家庭医学大全科」六訂版 家庭医学大全科について 情報

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