Grapheme

Japanese: grapheme
Grapheme

...The differences in the overall character style of writing systems, such as cursive, semi-cursive, regular, Gothic, italic, etc., are called "styles." On the other hand, there have been attempts to analyze characters into their components, for example, A being composed of two elements, a and "capitalization," and calling each of these elements "grapheme." There have also been attempts to treat the components of Chinese characters, such as the phonetic and semi-dialectal symbols, in the same way, but it is difficult to find objective criteria for analysis, and research has not progressed.
[Characteristics of written languages]
Thus, writing can be said to be a system of symbols that makes language visible, but it does not usually represent all aspects of spoken language behavior.

*Some of the terminology explanations that mention "grapheme" are listed below.

Source | Heibonsha World Encyclopedia 2nd Edition | Information

Japanese:

…なお,草書,行書,楷書とか,ゴシック,イタリック,とかいうような文字体系の全体にわたる字体のちがいは〈書体〉といわれる。一方,字をその構成要素に分析して,たとえばAは,aと〈大文字化〉,という二つの要素から成るとして,それぞれを〈グラフィームgrapheme(字素)〉と呼ぶ試みもなされ,漢字の声符,義符などの構成要素もそのような扱いをしようとする試みもあるが,分析の客観的規準を見いだすのが困難で,研究の進展がみられない。
【文字言語の諸特徴】
 このように,文字は(音声)言語を目に見える形であらわす記号の体系であるといいうるが,音声言語行動のすべての面を書き表すことはないのが普通である。…

※「grapheme」について言及している用語解説の一部を掲載しています。

出典|株式会社平凡社世界大百科事典 第2版について | 情報

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