Jupiter - Yupiteru (English spelling) Jup(p)iter

Japanese: ユピテル - ゆぴてる(英語表記)Jup(p)iter
Jupiter - Yupiteru (English spelling) Jup(p)iter

The chief god of Roman mythology. Son of Saturn, his wife was Juno. His English name is Jupiter, and corresponds to Zeus in Greek mythology. Although most of his mythology was borrowed from Greece, Jupiter was already at the center of the Roman gods before he was identified with Zeus. The origin of the name Jupiter means "Heavenly Father," and like Zeus, he was originally a sky god whose name originated in Indo-European languages. Therefore, he became the god in charge of various weather phenomena such as rain, storms, thunder, and lightning, and was also linked to agriculture, especially grape cultivation. The grape harvest festival, Vinnaria, is a celebration of this. Also, like Zeus, he considers the oak to be his sacred tree and the eagle to be his sacred bird.

He was called by various names according to his powers, but the oldest national worshipper is Jupiter Featherius, the god of victory in battle. His temple is on the Capitoline Hill, and it is said that Romulus, the ancient founder of Rome, dedicated the best spoils of war he had taken from King Acron to this temple. He was also called Jupiter Stator, the god who prevented defeat in battle and supported the battlefield, and Jupiter Liber, the god of freedom, and had his own temple for each. He also governed ethics and morals, praised justice, and was the god of treaties and oaths, with the power to punish false oaths.

In historical Rome, Jupiter was worshipped as the national deity under the name Jupiter Optimus Maximus (the Supreme Being). This was literally the supreme god, and his temple was on the Capitoline Hill, where he was worshipped with Juno and Minerva at either side. This temple was the center of state political events, and consuls were always invited to visit the temple when they took office or generals returned in triumph to report on their accomplishments.

He was also worshipped as Jupiter Latiaris at the annual meeting of the Latin League held on Mount Albano.

[Kazuhiko Tange]

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

ローマ神話の主神。サトゥルヌスの子で、妻はユノ。英語読みはジュピターで、ギリシア神話のゼウスにあたる。その神話はほとんどギリシアからの借用であるが、ユピテルはゼウスと同一視される以前から、すでにローマの神々の中心に位置していた。ユピテルという名の源義は「天なる父よ」という意味で、彼はゼウス同様、元来はインド・ヨーロッパ語族にその名の起源をもつ天空神である。したがって雨、嵐(あらし)、雷鳴、稲妻などのさまざまな天候現象をつかさどる神となり、さらに農業、ことにブドウの栽培とも結び付く。ブドウの収穫祭ウィナリアはその祝祭である。またゼウスと同じく、彼はその聖木を樫(かし)、聖鳥を鷲(わし)としている。

 彼はその権能に応じて種々の呼称でよばれるが、国家的信仰の対象としては、戦勝をつかさどるユピテル・フェレトリウスが最古のものである。その神殿はカピトリウムの丘にあり、古くローマ建国の祖とされるロムルスが、ここにアクロン王から奪った最上の戦利品を奉納したという。また、戦闘における敗走を食い止め、戦陣を支える神としてユピテル・スタトル、また自由をつかさどる神としてユピテル・リベルとよばれ、それぞれの神殿をもっていた。彼はこのほかに倫理道徳をつかさどり、正義を嘉(よみ)し、また条約・誓言の神として偽誓(ぎせい)を罰する権能ももっていた。

 歴史時代のローマでは、ユピテル・オプティムス・マキシムス(至善至高の神ユピテル)の名で、国家的主神として崇拝された。これは文字どおりの最高神で、その神殿はカピトリウムの丘にあり、彼はそこにユノとミネルバを両わきに従えた形で祀(まつ)られていた。この神殿は国家の政治的行事の中心として、執政官が就任したときや、将軍が凱旋(がいせん)したときにはその報告のためかならず参詣(さんけい)がなされた。

 またこの神は、アルバノ山で毎年催されたラテン同盟の集まりで、ユピテル・ラティアリスとよばれてその祭神となった。

[丹下和彦]

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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