Konstantin Dmitrievich Ushinskiy

A Russian educator and pedagogue in pre-revolutionary Russia. After graduating from the Faculty of Law at Moscow University, he became a teacher at the legal college, but was removed from his position due to his progressive ideas (1849). He became a teacher at the Gatchinsky Orphanage (1854), a school supervisor (1855), and in 1859, a school supervisor at the Smolny Girls' School in St. Petersburg. In 1862, he was driven to Switzerland in the aftermath of the social reform movement over the issue of the emancipation of serfs, where he stayed until 1867, during which time he had the opportunity to conduct comparative research on education in various countries. After returning to Russia, he completed his magnum opus, "Man as the subject of education: an essay on educational anthropology." He also wrote books on the educational significance of public education and labor, as well as a textbook on the mother tongue for lower grades. In terms of educational theory, he emphasized the promotion of spontaneous learning in line with the development of children's mental abilities and talents, and the teaching of the mother tongue with respect to ethnicity, which had a great influence on education and pedagogy in the Soviet Union thereafter.

[Minoru Murai]

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

革命前ロシアの教育者、教育学者。モスクワ大学法学部卒業後、法律専門学校教師となったが、進歩思想ゆえにその地位を追われ（1849）、ガッチンスキー孤児学院の教師（1854）、学監（1855）、さらに1859年サンクト・ペテルブルグのスモーリヌイ女子学院の学監となった。1862年、農奴解放問題をめぐる社会改革運動の余波でスイスに追われ、1867年まで滞在し、この間、各国の教育の比較研究の機会を得た。帰国後、大著『教育の対象としての人間――教育的人間学試論』を完成。そのほか、公教育、労働の教育的意義についての著書や、低学年母国語教科書などを著した。教育理論上、子供の精神能力と才能の発達に即しての自発的学習の促進と、民族性を重んずる母国語の教授とを強調して、その後のソ連の教育と教育学とに多大の影響を与えた。

［村井　実］

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