Maternal Protection Act

Japanese: 母体保護法 - ぼたいほごほう
Maternal Protection Act

This law was amended to remove the eugenic parts of the Eugenic Protection Law enacted in 1948, and changed its title to the Maternal Protection Law. It came into force in September 1996. The Eugenic Protection Law permitted sterilization to prevent eugenically inferior inheritance, and legalized some induced abortions to combat rapid population growth and prevent dangerous illegal abortions. There had been several debates about the merits and demerits of the law. The eugenic parts were discriminatory against people with disabilities, and disability groups had strongly requested that it be amended. The part about induced abortion had attracted the attention of female legislators and citizen groups as an issue of women's right to self-determination over their own bodies from the perspective of reproductive health/rights. The 1996 amendment amended the eugenic parts. The main points of the amendment are: (1) deleting the phrase "to prevent the birth of inferior offspring from a eugenic standpoint" from the purpose of the law, (2) changing "eugenic surgery" to "sterilization surgery" and deleting provisions on sterilization for the prevention of hereditary diseases and provisions on sterilization of mentally disabled people without their consent, (3) deleting provisions on preventing hereditary diseases from the provisions on induced abortion, (4) abolishing prefectural eugenic protection review boards and eugenic protection consultation centers. However, there are many complaints that the title "Maternal Protection Law" excludes infertile women and women who do not give birth, and that no amendments were made to the parts related to sexual and reproductive rights, such as the clause on spousal consent for induced abortion.

[Ichiro Asano and Yoshiharu Asano]

[References] | Abortion | Maternal Protection | Eugenic Protection Law | Reproductive Health/Rights

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

1948年(昭和23)に制定された優生保護法のうち、優生思想に基づく部分を削除する改正を行い、題名を母体保護法に改めたもの。1996年(平成8)9月施行。優生保護法は、優生学的に劣悪とされる遺伝を防止する目的の不妊手術を認めるとともに、人口急増対策と危険なヤミ堕胎の防止のため人工妊娠中絶の一部を合法化したものであり、その内容の是非をめぐってはそれまでも幾度か議論があった。優生思想に基づく部分は障害者差別となっていることなどから、障害者団体等からその改正が強く要望されており、人工妊娠中絶に関する部分はリプロダクティブ・ヘルス/ライツ(性と生殖に関する健康と権利)の観点から、女性の身体についての自己決定権の問題として、女性議員や市民グループから高い関心が寄せられていた。1996年の改正はこのうち、優生思想に基づく部分の改正を行ったものである。(1)法律の目的から、「優生上の見地から不良な子孫の出生を防止する」を削る、(2)「優生手術」を「不妊手術」とし、遺伝性疾患等の防止のための不妊手術に関する規定や精神障害者に対する本人同意によらない不妊手術に関する規定を削る、(3)人工妊娠中絶の規定から遺伝性疾患等の防止のためのものを削る、(4)都道府県優生保護審査会および優生保護相談所を廃止する、などがおもな内容。しかし、母体保護法という題名は不妊の女性や子供を産まない女性を除外する、人工妊娠中絶についての配偶者の同意の条項など、性と生殖の権利にかかわる部分の改正が行われなかったなど、不満の声も少なくない。

[浅野一郎・浅野善治]

[参照項目] | 妊娠中絶 | 母性保護 | 優生保護法 | リプロダクティブ・ヘルス/ライツ

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