Articulation Disorders

Japanese: 構音障害 - こうおんしょうがい(英語表記)Articulation Disorders
Articulation Disorders
[What kind of disease is it?]
For example, a speech disorder is a condition in which a person is unable to pronounce speech sounds correctly or replaces them with other sounds, such as mispronouncing "gakkou" or "rappa" as "dattou" or "dappa."
In Japanese, it often manifests as a disorder of the rows (consonants) or columns (vowels) of the 50 sounds of the Japanese alphabet. For example, when there is a mistake in the ka or i row sounds, it is classified as ka row dysarthria or i row dysarthria.
[Cause]
This happens for a variety of reasons, such as:
Hearing loss
In cases of relatively mild hearing loss, speech develops to a certain extent, but because speech sounds cannot be heard correctly, this is reflected in pronunciation.
Functional speech disorder
This refers to a speech disorder that inevitably appears during the process of language development, in which the person is unable to correct their speech errors and they become habitual.
Delayed development of fine motor skills of the tongue and lips If the tongue and lips are not skilled, speech production will be poor. This often appears during the improvement process of motor speech development delay.
Cleft palate, submucous cleft palate, and short palate
This results in a speech disorder accompanied by hypernasality (nasal voice) due to resonance problems.
Extreme tongue-tie
If the underside of the tongue is so fixed that it is difficult to move the tip of the tongue, articulation will be impaired.
[Testing and diagnosis]
First, a hearing test will be performed to check if there are any problems with your hearing.
If there is no hearing loss, the oral cavity and pharynx are examined to see if there are any problems that could be causing speech disorders.
In addition to these, the neurological examination checks the fine movement of the tongue and lips. First, the child is asked to stick out the tongue, then point the tip of the tongue to the left and right corners of the mouth. If this is possible, the child is then checked to see if the tongue tip can be moved alternately from left to right in succession. Many children with speech disorders are poor at these movements, and are unable to do so at all. These children also generally tend to be poor at using their fingers.
[Treatment]
We take measures to address the causes. If there is hearing loss, we use hearing aids, and if there is a cleft palate or submucous cleft palate, we perform surgery to correct nasal leakage.
After that, we teach them how to articulate correctly. Articulation is a skill, and to master it, it is necessary to develop intellectual and motor functions to a level that makes it possible. There is a knack to the training, and the assistance of a speech-language-hearing therapist (column "Speech-language-hearing therapists (STs) and their role") is necessary.

Articulation disorder

Dysarthria is a condition in which speech is impaired due to motor disorders of the articulatory muscles (tongue, lips, pharynx, larynx), making speech unclear and difficult to hear. Paralysis of the pharyngeal muscles causes the sound to escape from the nose, resulting in hypernasal speech. Such patients usually also have swallowing disorders (choking).

Source: Shogakukan Home Medical Library Information

Japanese:
[どんな病気か]
 たとえば、「ガッコウ」や「ラッパ」を「ダットウ」とか「ダッパ」と誤るように、言語音を正しく言えないか、ほかの語音に置き替わる状態が構音障害です。
 日本語では五十音の行(子音)または列(母音)の障害として現われることが多く、たとえばカ行音やイ列音を誤る場合は、カ行構音障害とか、イ列構音障害として区別しています。
[原因]
 つぎのような、さまざまな原因でおこります。
 難聴(なんちょう)
 比較的軽い難聴の場合、ことばはある程度発達してきますが、言語音が正しく聞き取れないために、それが発音に反映します。
 機能性構音障害(きのうせいこうおんしょうがい)
 ことばの発達過程で必ず現われる構音障害が、自己修正できずに構音が誤ったまま習慣化したものをいいます。
 舌・くちびるの精細運動発達の遅れ
 舌やくちびるの運動が不器用だと構音がうまくできません。多くは運動性発語発達遅滞の改善過程に現われます。
 口蓋裂(こうがいれつ)、粘膜下口蓋裂(ねんまくかこうがいれつ)、口蓋短縮症(こうがいたんしゅくしょう)
 共鳴障害の開鼻声(かいびせい)(鼻にかかった声)をともなう構音障害となります。
 極端な舌小帯短縮症(ぜつしょうたいたんしゅくしょう)
 舌先の運動が困難なほど舌先の裏側が固着している場合は、構音が障害されます。
[検査と診断]
 まず聴力検査で聴力に問題がないかを調べます。
 難聴がなければ口腔(こうくう)・咽頭(いんとう)(のど)を調べ、構音障害の原因になる問題がないかを確かめます。
 これらのほかに神経学的検査で舌とくちびるの精細運動を調べます。まず舌を前方に出し、ついで左右の口角(こうかく)(口の端)へ舌先を向けさせます。これができたならば、舌先を左右交互に連続して動かせるかどうかを調べます。構音障害の子どもには、これらの運動が下手で、できない子も少なくありません。このような子は、一般に指使いも下手な傾向があります。
[治療]
 原因に対する対策を講じます。難聴があれば補聴器を活用させ、口蓋裂や粘膜下口蓋裂があれば手術をして、息の鼻もれを治します。
 そのうえで正しい構音のしかたを指導します。構音は技術で、これを習得するには知的発達や運動機能がそれを可能にする水準にまで発達する必要があります。訓練にはコツがあり、言語聴覚士(コラム「言語聴覚士(ST)とその役割」)の助力が必要です。

こうおんしょうがい【構音障害】

 構音障害は、構語筋(舌、くちびる、咽頭(いんとう)、喉頭(こうとう))の運動障害によって、話しことばが損なわれ、発話が不明瞭(ふめいりょう)となり聞き取りにくくなった状態をいいます。咽頭筋のまひでは音声が鼻のほうにぬけるため、過鼻声音(かびせいおん)となります。このような患者さんでは通常、嚥下障害(えんげしょうがい)(むせる)が同時にみられます。

出典 小学館家庭医学館について 情報

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