Share - Kyoyu

Japanese: 共有 - きょうゆう
Share - Kyoyu

Generally speaking, it refers to a situation in which several people jointly own one thing, commonly known as co-ownership, but strictly speaking, it refers to a type of co-ownership that has a relatively strong personal flavor, excluding types of co-ownership that have strong collective restrictions, such as "common ownership" or "joint ownership." This is considered the normal type in the Civil Code (Articles 249-264). Co-ownership relationships can arise from a mutual expression of intent, such as when multiple people buy a house, or they can arise based on legal provisions (for example, if a jar is dug up from someone else's land and its owner is unknown, the jar becomes jointly owned by the landowner and the person who found it).

Co-ownership is a state in which several people have equal ownership of an entire thing, without it being possible to determine which part belongs to which person. The rights that co-owners have in the thing are called shares or ownership rights, and the percentage of their shares is determined between the co-owners. This percentage is determined by the co-owners' expressed intentions, or by legal provisions. The Civil Code presumes that these percentages are equal (for example, if three people contribute the same amount to buy a house, each person will own one-third; Civil Code Article 250).

Co-owners may use all of the property in proportion to their share (Article 249 of the same law), but in return, they shall bear the cost of managing the property and taxes in proportion to their share (Article 253 of the same law). In principle, the management of the property is decided by a majority vote according to the value of each co-owner's share (method of use of the property, improvements, etc.). However, preservation actions to maintain the current state of the property (for example, requesting the removal of interference from others who are using the property without permission based on ownership) can be taken by each co-owner alone (Article 252 of the same law), and disposing of or changing the property itself requires the consent of all co-owners (Article 251 of the same law).

A co-owner may request the division of the property at any time. They may also enter into an agreement not to divide the property, but such an agreement may not last for more than five years (Article 256 of the same law). The division may be any way agreed upon by all co-owners in consultation. The property may be divided in kind, sold and the proceeds divided, or one person may keep the property in kind and give part of the price to the others. If the other co-owners do not comply with a request for division, or if they cannot agree on the method of division, they may appeal to the court to have the property divided (Article 258 of the same law).

Once the partition is complete, each co-owner becomes the sole owner of his or her assigned portion.

[Yasuyuki Takahashi and Masamitsu Nozawa]

[Reference item] | Joint ownership | Total ownership | Equity

Source: Shogakukan Encyclopedia Nipponica About Encyclopedia Nipponica Information | Legend

Japanese:

一般に数人の者が一つの物を共同に所有する状態、いわゆる共同所有をさすが、厳密には、そのような共同所有のうち、団体的拘束の強い「総有」や「合有」といわれる型のものを除いた、比較的個人的色彩の強い型のものをいう。民法ではこれを普通の型としている(249条~264条)。共有関係は、複数の者が1軒の家を買った場合など、お互いの意思表示で発生する場合と、法律の規定に基づいて発生する場合(たとえば、他人の土地から、壺(つぼ)を掘り出したとき、その所有者が不明である場合には、その壺は土地所有者と発見者の共有になる)とがある。

 共有とは、一つの物全体のうえに数人の者が等しく所有権をもっていて、どこまでがだれの部分と決められない状態である。そして、共有者が共有物のうえにもつ権利は持分(もちぶん)あるいは持分権とよばれ、共有者間ではその持分の割合が決められる。その割合は、共有者の意思表示によって、あるいは法律の規定によって定まる。民法はその割合を等しいものと推定する(たとえば、3人が同額を出し合って1軒の家を買った場合には、おのおの3分の1ずつとなる。民法250条)。

 共有者は、その持分の割合に応じて共有物全部を使用することができるが(同法249条)、そのかわり、共有物の管理費や税金などもその割合で負担する(同法253条)。共有物の管理は、原則として各共有者の持分の価格に従い、その過半数で決める(共有物の利用方法、改良行為など)。しかし、共有物の現状を維持しようとする保存行為(たとえば、共有物をかってに使っている他人に対して所有権に基づき妨害の排除を請求するなど)は、各共有者が単独でもできるし(同法252条)、共有物自体を処分したり変更したりする場合には全員の合意を必要とする(同法251条)。

 共有者はいつでも共有物の分割を請求することができる。分割しないという契約をすることもできるが、その契約も5年を超えることはできない(同法256条)。分割は共有者全員で相談のうえで決めれば、どのように分けてもよい。現物で分割しても、売却して代金を分けても、また、1人が現物をもらい、ほかの者に価格の一部を与えることもできる。分割の請求に、ほかの共有者たちが応じなかったり、分割の方法について意見が一致しなかったりした場合には、裁判所に訴えて分割してもらうことができる(同法258条)。

 分割が終われば、そのときから、各共有者は自分に割り当てられた部分の単独の所有者となる。

[高橋康之・野澤正充]

[参照項目] | 合有 | 総有 | 持分

出典 小学館 日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)日本大百科全書(ニッポニカ)について 情報 | 凡例

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